{{ 'fb_in_app_browser_popup.desc' | translate }} {{ 'fb_in_app_browser_popup.copy_link' | translate }}
{{ 'in_app_browser_popup.desc' | translate }}
Author / Sharon, Gynecologist
Vaginal infections are closely knitted to the vaginal micro-ecosystem. Under healthy conditions, lactobacilli in the vagina help maintain an acidic environment with a pH of 3.5–4.5. This acidity suppresses the growth of harmful pathogens, forming a protective barrier. However, when various factors disrupt this balance, it can lead to an overgrowth of harmful microbes and result in infection. In general, the causes of vaginal infections can be classified into two categories: internal (endogenous) and external (exogenous) factors.
These refer to changes within the body, such as physiological changes or illnesses, that affect vaginal health.
A woman's hormones fluctuate during different life stages. For example, during menopause, reduced estrogen levels decrease lactobacilli production, increasing the risk of vaginal infections.
The immune system serves as the body's first line of defense against pathogens. If compromised due to illness or certain medications (in those with immunodeficiency conditions), it becomes easier for pathogens to invade the intimate area.
Diabetic individuals tend to have higher sugar levels in the vaginal area, which provides a favorable environment for pathogens like Candida to thrive, leading to recurring infections.
Studies show that women who smoke are more prone to vaginal infections. This may be due to smoking altering the chemical composition of vaginal secretions, disrupting the micro-ecosystem and encouraging pathogen growth.
These are influences from the environment or personal habits that disrupt the balance of beneficial vaginal bacteria.
Incorrect wiping or cleaning practices—such as over-douching, using inappropriate cleansing products, wiping from back to front after using the toilet, or wearing unclean underwear—can disturb vaginal pH and promote bacterial growth.
Places like swimming pools, hot springs, public baths, or restrooms can harbor pathogens if not properly sanitized, increasing the risk of infection.
Unprotected intimacy is a major route for many vaginal infections, such as trichomoniasis or other common STDs. Unclean sex toys may also carry pathogens, thereupon thorough cleaning before and after use is essential.
Vaginal inflammation is a common health concern for women. It can be caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, allergies, or hormonal changes. Different types of vaginitis present with different symptoms, discharge characteristics, and treatment approaches. Understanding these can help detect issues early and manage them properly to maintain intimate health.
Type | Symptoms | Discharge | Causes | Treatment |
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) | Nearly 50% are asymptomatic; may experience vaginal itching or irritation | Increased discharge with a fishy odor, thin gray or white discharge evenly coating the vaginal walls | Imbalance in vaginal flora—decreased lactobacilli and overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria | Oral antibiotics and vaginal suppositories |
Candidiasis (Yeast Infection) | Vaginal itching and burning sensation | Thick white discharge resembling cottage cheese | Caused by Candida fungi; ~60% of women carry it naturally, but few develop symptoms. Higher risk in diabetics | Antifungal medication (oral, topical creams, or vaginal suppositories) |
Trichomoniasis | 10–50% show no symptoms; may experience itching, pain during sex, painful urination, frequent urination, and lower abdominal pain | Yellow-green, frothy discharge with strong odor (up to 70% of cases) | Caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, a parasitic infection | Specific anti-trichomonas medication; both partners should be treated |
Allergic Vaginitis | Redness and itching due to allergic reactions | Generally unchanged; some may have increased discharge | Triggered by allergens rather than microbes | Avoidance of allergens (e.g. irritating or unsuitable cleansers or fabrics) usually improves symptoms |
Atrophic Vaginitis | Vaginal dryness, burning, discomfort during sex or urination | Significantly reduced discharge | Due to estrogen deficiency after menopause | Hormone therapy and intimate moisturizers or gels |
Other STDs (Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, etc.) | Vaginal or cervical inflammation, abnormal discharge, pain | Increased discharge, possibly foul-smelling, yellow or green | Sexually transmitted infections | Oral or injectable antibiotics; both partners should be treated |
While medical consultation and following your doctor's treatment plan is essential, here are five daily care tips to help you feel better:
Maintaining dryness in the intimate area is crucial during inflammation. Use doctor-recommended intimate cleansers, avoiding those with fragrances or harsh chemicals. During your period, clean more frequently and change pads or tampons regularly to maintain hygiene.
Opt for breathable, natural cotton underwear to reduce discomfort. Change your underwear frequently to prevent reinfection from bacteria on soiled garments.
💡 Tip: Use sterilized disposable underwear to reduce bacterial growth and avoid worsening infections.
A balanced diet, regular exercise, and consistent daily routines boost immunity and protect intimate health. Quit smoking and reduce sugar intake to help your body defend against infections.
It's best to avoid sex during inflammation, especially in infectious cases. If unavoidable, always use a condom to prevent aggravating the infection or spreading it to your partner.
Use appropriate products depending on the issue. For fungal or parasitic infections, products containing povidone-iodine can relieve symptoms like itching, abnormal discharge, or odor. For dryness, use intimate moisturizing gels or oils to enhance hydration.
A healthy diet and proper hydration are always essential for well-being. During intimate discomfort, it’s especially important to eat well. In addition to a balanced diet, these foods can help reduce inflammation and maintain vaginal health:
Yogurt, kimchi, kombucha, and probiotic supplements help replenish good bacteria in the vaginal microbiome. Look for patented probiotic strains specifically developed for vaginal health for the best results.
Cranberries contain proanthocyanidins (PACs), which acidify urine and help prevent bacterial adhesion in the urinary tract, reducing inflammation. Both men and women can benefit. Aim for at least 36mg of PAC daily. For cranberry juice, choose low-sugar options or go for cranberry extracts instead.
📖 Recommended reading: “Cranberry to Know : 3 Benefits and 3 Key Principles"
Inflammation can cause minor wounds due to itching or delicate skin. Vitamin C boosts immunity and collagen production to aid healing.
Recommended foods: Kiwi, citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, grapefruits), tomatoes, red bell peppers, strawberries.
Usually not. While some mild infections may resolve due to natural immunity, most require medical treatment.
It’s best to avoid it. Especially for infectious types, sex can worsen the condition or spread it to your partner. If unavoidable, always use condoms.
With proper treatment, symptoms often improve significantly within a week. Recovery time varies depending on the cause and individual health. Keeping good hygiene practices helps preventing infection.
For mild symptoms, it is recommended to use povidone-iodine vaginal cleansers. For severe symptoms, consult a doctor and follow medical advice.
Avoid refined sugars and high-sugar foods, which may worsen symptoms. Also limit high-fat, salty, or spicy foods that may promote inflammation. Stick to a light, clean diet.
In addition to medical treatment, evaluate personal habits and lifestyle and find the causes. Improve daily routines, hygiene practices, and diet to reduce recurrence.
Reference
Graziottin A. Maintaining vulvar, vaginal and perineal health: Clinical considerations. Womens Health (Lond). 2024 Jan-Dec;20:17455057231223716. doi: 10.1177/17455057231223716. PMID: 38396383; PMCID: PMC10894559.
Sherrard J, Wilson J, Donders G, Mendling W, Jensen JS. 2018 European (IUSTI/WHO) International Union against sexually transmitted infections (IUSTI) World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline on the management of vaginal discharge. Int J STD AIDS. 2018 Nov;29(13):1258-1272. doi: 10.1177/0956462418785451. Epub 2018 Jul 27. PMID: 30049258.